Ancestors of modern Pakistanis

The people of Pakistan come from a variety of backgrounds, shaped by centuries of migration, settlement, and invasion. Here's an overview of where the ancestors of modern Pakistanis came from:

Indus Valley People

The original inhabitants of the region lived during the time of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, which was based in what is now Pakistan. These people are considered the ancestors of some modern-day Pakistanis, particularly in Sindh and Punjab.

Aryan Migrations

Around 1500 BCE, Indo-Aryan people migrated from Central Asia into the subcontinent. These Aryan migrants mixed with the local populations and became the ancestors of many ethnic groups in Pakistan, especially in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Dravidian Influence

Some ancient Dravidian populations, who lived in the subcontinent before the arrival of the Aryans, also contributed to the ancestry of modern-day Pakistanis. This influence is particularly found in southern parts of Pakistan like Sindh and Balochistan.

Persian and Central Asian Ancestry

Over centuries, Persian and Central Asian groups migrated into the region, especially during the time of the Achaemenid and Sassanid Empires, and later under rulers like the Ghaznavids and Ghurids. Many people in Balochistan and the Pashtun areas trace their ancestry to these groups.

Arab Influence

When Islam arrived in the 7th century, Arab traders and warriors settled in parts of modern-day Sindh, adding to the local gene pool, especially among the Sindhi population.

Turkic and Mongol Ancestry

Turkic and Mongol ancestry became part of the region’s history through invasions by the Ghaznavids, Ghurids, and later the Mughals. Many people in northern Pakistan, particularly Pashtuns and people in Gilgit-Baltistan, have Central Asian Turkic-Mongol roots.

Pashtun and Afghan Heritage

The Pashtuns, who are believed to be of Eastern Iranian origin, form a large ethnic group in Pakistan, primarily in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. Their ancestry is closely linked to Afghan and Persian peoples.

Baloch Heritage  

The Baloch people, who dominate the province of Balochistan, are thought to have origins in the Iranian plateau and have strong ties to Persian-speaking groups.

Mughal, Rajput, and Punjabi Heritage

In Punjab, many ethnic groups, including Rajputs and various tribes, claim descent from Mughal rulers, who were of Turkic-Mongol origin. Punjabi people, in general, have a mixed ancestry from Aryans, Central Asians, and local Dravidian populations.

The people of Pakistan are descendants of a mixture of ancient Indus Valley inhabitants, Central Asian Turkic and Mongol groups, Persian-Afghan settlers, and Indo-Aryan migrants, with some Arab influence, particularly in Sindh. While some groups like the Pashtuns and Baloch have distinct ethnic identities, most Pakistanis share a blended heritage shaped by centuries of migration and conquests.

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NADRA and TCS: A Tale of Frustration

I recently came back from a work trip in Türkiye, only to face a new hassle at home in Pakistan. My National Identity Card (CNIC) had expired last year, so I needed to renew it. I was thrilled to find out that now you can renew it online and get it delivered to your doorstep. Or so I thought.

NADRA, the government body responsible for issuing CNICs, chose to deliver my renewed card through TCS, a private delivery company. This is where the trouble began. It's been over a week, and TCS still hasn't delivered my card. This isn't the first time TCS has delayed deliveries. They often do this so that people are forced to visit their office and pick up their parcels themselves.

What's the point of offering a doorstep delivery service, NADRA, if it doesn't work? It's baffling why NADRA chose a private company like TCS instead of using the Pakistan Postal Service, which is a reliable national service. The Pakistan Postal Service delivers directly to your door without any issues.

This situation highlights a bigger problem in our country. Our government is filled with people who are either corrupt or just plain stupid. These officials make decisions that harm Pakistan's economy and structure. This mess with NADRA and TCS is just one example of their incompetence.

I'm amazed and disappointed. NADRA is supposed to be a trustworthy government body, but their decision to use TCS shows a lack of common sense. They should have used the Pakistan Postal Service, which has a good track record. Instead, they've chosen a company that can't do its job properly.

Pakistan is suffering because of these poor decisions made by people in power. Our government agencies are run by individuals who don't seem to care about doing their jobs well. This incompetence is damaging our country, and it's a shame!!!

This experience has been incredibly frustrating. NADRA, you need to do better. If our government bodies can't make smart choices, how can we expect our country to progress? It's high time we demand better from those who are supposed to serve us.

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Pakistan: How to stand again?

The following problems have been faced by Pakistan.. And still facing. Due to these "damning" reasons, Pakistan has gone down economically and is going down further.

•Political Instability: Pakistan has faced frequent changes in government, with military coups, martial law and the disqualification of elected leaders resulting in a lack of political stability.

•Corruption: Corruption has been a major issue in Pakistani politics, with numerous political figures being accused of embezzlement, money laundering and bribery.

•Islamist Militancy: The rise of Islamist militancy in the country has posed a significant threat to the stability and security of Pakistan, leading to major military operations in tribal areas and urban centers.

•Separatist Movements: There have been separatist movements in Pakistan, particularly in Balochistan, demanding greater autonomy and a larger share of resources for their province.

•Tensions with India: Tensions with India over the disputed region of Kashmir and other issues have been a major source of political instability in Pakistan.

•Economic Crises: Pakistan has faced numerous economic crises, including high inflation, a large trade deficit, and a shortage of foreign exchange reserves.

The Pakistani political machine will have to be unified to avoid something as bad as "DEFAULT" now. And together the following points of 'Economy Stability' have to be implemented immediately...

°Reduce government spending: The government needs to reduce its spending and control its budget deficit, which could be achieved by reducing subsidies, cutting down on public sector wages and pensions, and prioritizing spending.

°Increase revenue: The government can increase its revenue by implementing tax reforms, improving tax administration, and broadening the tax base.

°Promote economic growth: The government can promote economic growth by improving the business environment, encouraging foreign investment, and diversifying the economy.

°Implement structural reforms: The government can implement structural reforms in key sectors such as labor, education, and energy to increase productivity and competitiveness.

°Develop financial sector: The government can develop the financial sector by increasing access to credit, improving financial literacy, and promoting financial inclusion.

°Encourage international trade: The government can encourage international trade by negotiating favorable trade agreements, reducing trade barriers, and improving export promotion.

°Increase foreign aid and investment: The government can increase foreign aid and investment by improving the investment climate, promoting transparency, and reducing corruption.

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Pakistan is beautiful?

Pakistan is a country located in South Asia and is home to a diverse range of landscapes and cultural traditions. It is known for its stunning natural beauty, with a range of landscapes including towering mountain ranges, fertile plains, and deserts.

One of the most striking features of Pakistan's landscape is the Himalayan mountain range, which runs along the northern border of the country. The highest peak in Pakistan, K2, is located in this mountain range and is the second highest peak in the world. 

The mountain ranges in Pakistan are also home to some of the world's highest glaciers, including the Siachen Glacier, which is the world's second longest glacier outside of the polar regions.

Pakistan is also home to a number of beautiful beaches, including the Arabian Sea coast, which stretches for over 1,000 miles. The beaches in Pakistan offer a range of activities, including swimming, fishing, and boating.

In addition to its natural beauty, Pakistan is also home to a rich cultural heritage. The country has a diverse population with a variety of cultural traditions, including music, dance, and art. There are also many historical sites in Pakistan, including ancient forts, temples, and palaces, that showcase the country's rich history and cultural traditions.

Overall, Pakistan is a beautiful and culturally rich country with a wide range of landscapes and cultural traditions that make it an interesting and rewarding place to visit.

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what to do after collage in Pakistan

After F.Sc. most of the students are unaware of various important degrees and their scope apart from medical and engineering. Below are the options available to students along with various essential information. It is better to read till the end once and get information rather than worry.

عام طور پر ایف ایس سی کے بعد اکثر طلبہ میڈیکل اور انجنئیرنگ کے علاوہ متعدد اہم ڈگریوں اور ان کے سکوپ سے بے خبر ہو تے ہیں۔ ذیل میں مختلف ضروری معلومات کے ساتھ یہ بتایا گیا ہے کہ طلبہ کے لیے کیا کیا آپشنز موجود ہیں۔ پریشان ہونے سے بہتر ہے  ایک دفعہ آخر تک پڑھ کر کے معلومات حاصل کر لیں

___________________________________

⭕ *PRE-MEDICAL*

میڈیکل کے طلبہ کے لیے آپشنز

1. MBBS

2. BDS

self practice, job

3. DVM

scope in foreign countries

4. Pharma D

scope in private sector, pharmaceutical industry, self business

5. Bachelor of science from UHS

scope in govt, private sec

6. Bs honour Ophthalmology (KE)

scope in govt, private sec, self practice

یہ ڈگری فی میل کو بہت سوٹ کرتی ہے۔

7. Bs honours optometry and orthoptics

scope in govt, private sec, self practice

یہ ڈگری فی میل کو بہت سوٹ کرتی ہے۔

BS Nursing. Only for female students

یہ نرسنگ ڈگری مختلف میڈیکل کالجز اور یونیورسٹیز میں کرائی جاتی ہے

8. Bs honours paediatric Medicine

scope in govt, private sec, self practice

9. Doctor of physiotherapy

scope in private sec, self practice

10. Bs honours Biotechnology

11. Bs honours Bioinformatic and Biotechnology.

12. Bs honours Botany

scope in govt, private sec, teaching, administration, research jobs

13. Bs Microbiology

scope in govt, private sec, teaching, administration, research jobs, Labs

14. Bs honours Zoology

scope in govt, private sec, teaching, administration, research jobs

15. Bs honours Food science

scope in govt, private sec, teaching, administration, research jobs

16. Bs honours nutrition

scope in govt, private sec, teaching, administration, research jobs

17. Bs medical nutrition and dietetics

scope in govt, private sec, teaching, administration, research jobs, self consultancy

18. Bs food science and human nutrition

scope in govt, private sec, teaching, administration, research jobs, self consultancy

19. Bs pharmaceutical chemistry

scop in private sec, manufacturing jobs

20. Bs Pharmacology

scope in govt and private sec, manufacturing jobs

21. Bs honours Medical imaging and technology

scope in govt and private sec, 100% surety of job,

21. Bs emergency and Intensive care science

scope in govt sec,

22. Bs medical laboratory technology

scope in govt, private sec, self Lab

23. Bs honours Dental technology

24. Bs honours Dental hygienic

scope in govt, private sec, self clinic

25. Bs honours cardic perfusions

scope in govt, private sec

26. Bs honours operation theatre technology

scope in govt sec, private sec

27. Bs respiratory therapy

scope in govt sec

28. Bs honours orthopaedic medicine

slef clinic

29. Bs honours imaging technology and radiography

scope in govt, private sec, بہترین جاب

30. Bs medical imaging and ultrasonography

scope in govt, private sec, بہترین جاب

31. Bs anaesthesia technology

scope in govt, private sec, بہترین جاب

32. Bs applied molecular biology and forensic sciences

scope in govt sec, private, self lab

33. Bs clinical phycology

scope in govt, private sec, practice

34. Bs microbiology and molecular genetics

scope in govt, private sec

نوٹ۔ ان ڈگریز کو ترجیح دیں جن کا تعلق صحت اور ہسپتال سے ہے۔ بہت سے ٹیکنیکل شعبے وجود میں آچکے ہیں۔

✨ *Agriculture, Life science*

1. Bsc honours agriculture major Plant science

2. Bsc honours agricultural and resource economics

3. Bs supply chain management

4. Bs integrated agricultureL management

5. Bs agriculture (plant pathology)

6. Bs agriculture (horticulture)

7. Bs agriculture ( food science and technology)

8. Bs agriculture (entomology)

9. Bsc honours Food science and technology

10. Bs honours animal sciences

11. Bs life science and business management

12. Bs animal production and technology

13. Bs animal nutrition

14. Bs dairy Forming

15. Bs meat science and technology

16. Bs honours Biological science

17. Bs Environmental science

18. Bs dairy technology

19. Bs poultry technology

20. Bs Bee forming

21. Bs fishing and wildlife

نوٹ۔ ایگریکلچر اور لائف سائنسز سے متعلق سرکاری اور پرائیویٹ سیکٹر میں روزگار کے یکساں مواقع ہوتے ہیں۔ نیز باہر کے ممالک میں بھی ان شعبوں کی مانگ ہے۔ ایم فل پی ایچ ڈی سکالرشپ بھی بہت آتی ہیں۔

۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔

⭕ *Engineering* 

انجینرنگ کے طلبہ کے انجینرنگ آپشنز

1. Civil engineering

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

2. Electrical engineering

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

3. Chemical engineering

4. Environmental sciences and engineering

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

5. Software engineering

scope in govt, private sec, foreign,

6. Building and architectural engineering

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

7. Geological engineering

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

8. Industrial engineering

scope in private sec, foreign

9. Mechatronics and civil engineering

scope in private sec, foreign

10. Mechanical engineering

scope in private sec, foreign

11. Mining engineering

scope in private sec, foreign

12. Metallurgical and material engineerings

scope in private sec, foreign

13.Petroleum and gass engineering

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

14. Cool engineering

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

15. Polymer engineering

private sec, foreign

16. Transportation engineering

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

17. BE architecture

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

18. Production and industrial design

scope in private sec

19. BE textile design

scope in private sec,

20. Bs in computing and Data science

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

21. Bachelor of interior design

scope in private sec, foreign

22. Bachelor of graphic design

scope in private sec,

23. Bachelor of textile and technology management

scope in private sec, foreign

24. Bs aviation management

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

25. Bs aircraft management and engineer technology

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

26. Bs energy engineering

scope in private sec, foreign

27. Bs mathematic

scope in govt, private sec, foreign, 100% surety of job

28. Bs statistics

scope in govt, private sec, foreign, 100% surety of job,

29. Bs Computer science

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

30. Bs technical education

scope in govt, private sec, foreign

۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔

✨  *کامن آپشنز*

1. LLB, LLM, Shariah and Law

great scope in pakistan

2. Bs computational physics

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

3. Bs environmental science

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

4. Bs High energy Physics

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

5. Bs solid stat physics

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

6. Bs space science

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

7. Bs geography

scope in govt , private sec,

8. Bs physics

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

9. Bs space science

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

10. Bs chemistry

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

11. Bs applied geology

scope in govt , private

12. Bs city and regional planning

scope in govt sec, foreign

13. Bs urban development

scope in govt sec, foreign

14. Bs public administration

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

15. Bs anthropology

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

16. Bs accounting and finance

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

17. Bs of business and information system

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

18 Bs international Relations and political science

scope in govt , private sec, foreign, foreign affairs, foreign strategy,

19. Bs library and information science

scope in govt , private sec,

20. Bs physical and sports science

scope in govt sec,

21. Bs criminology and security studies

scope in govt sec , foreign

22. Bs oriental languages

scope in govt , private sec

23. Bs sociology

scope in govt , private sec, foreign, NGOs

24. Bs economics and management system

scope in govt , private sec,

25. Bs Finance

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

26. Bs English literature

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

27. Bs communications studies

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

28. Bs mass communication

scope in govt , private sec, foreign, Electronic media

29. Bs sociology and socio cultural studies

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

30. Bs honours Gender studies

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

31. Bs development studies

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

32. Bs City Transport Management

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

33. Bs hotel management and hospitality

scope in govt , private sec,

scope in foreign countries

34. Bs management

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

35. Bachelor business information technology

scope in private sec, foreign

36. Bachelor business administration

scope in private sec, foreign

37. Bs ed honours

scope in govt , private sec,

38. Bs computational physics

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

39. Bs environmental science

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

40. Bs geography

scope in govt , private sec,

41. Bs physics

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

42. Bs space science

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

43. Bs chemistry

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

44. Bs applied geology

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

45. Bs archeology

scope in govt ,foreign

46. Bs honours in special needs education

47. Bs honours in early childhood education

48. Bs honours in secondary school education

scope in govt , private sec, foreign

49. Bs Physical education

________________________________

علاوہ ازیں پاکستان کی یونیورسٹیز مییں اور بھی متعدد ڈگریاں کروائے جاتے ہیں جن میں ہرصوبےکی مخصوص نشستیں بھی ہیں.

________________________________

💢 *اہم یونیورسٹییز۔*

(گورنمنٹ سیکٹر)

پنجاب یونیورسٹی

یونیورسٹی آف انجینرگ اینڈ ٹیکنالوجی

یونیوسٹی آف ہیلتھ سائنسز

کنگ ایڈورڈ میڈیکل یونیورسٹی

ایرڈایگریکلچریونیورسٹی راولپنڈی

گورنمنٹ کالج یونورسٹی لاہور (GCU)

زرعی یونیورسٹی فیصل آباد

یونیورسٹی آف ویٹرنری اینڈ اینیمل سائنسز لاہور، پتوکی

یونیورسٹی آف سرگودھا

لاہور کالج فار ویمن یونیورسٹی لاہور

انٹرنیشنل اسلامک یونیورسٹی اسلام آباد

یونیورسٹی آف ایجوکیشن لاہور

جی سی یونیورسٹی فیصل آباد

گورنمنٹ سائنس کالج لاہور

گورنمنٹ اسلامیہ سول لائن کالج لاہور

گورنمنٹ کالج دیال سنگھ لاہور

گونمنٹ ایم اے او کالج لاہور

بلوچستان یونیورسٹی

تربت یونیورسٹی

زرعی کالج کوئٹہ

کراچی یونیورسٹی

سندھ زرعی یونیورسٹی

عبدالولی خان یونیورسٹی مردان

گومل یونیورسٹی

بہاؤالدین زکریا یونیورسٹی

اسلامیہ یونیورسٹی بہاولپور

پشاوریونیورسٹی

اسلامیہ کالج یونیورسٹی

BUITEMS

LUAWMS

UMT

LUMS

NUML 

Quid e Azam University

UCP

UOL University

Comsats

Institute of Space Technology

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First-ever 5G video call experiment in Pakistan

The first-ever 5G video call experiment has been carried out successfully in Pakistan. Federal Minister for IT and Telecommunication Syed Amin-ul-Haque, using Zong 4G network, made a 5G video call to Beijing and enjoyed the excellent voice and video quality. 

The inauguration ceremony of 5G video call was held at Zong Headquarters Islamabad.

5G network uses the fastest data bandwidth which can be used in any 5G enabled mobile phone. 5G technology provides the fastest internet speed and best video quality without interruption. Addressing the ceremony, Syed Amin-ul-Haque said that he felt extremely proud to witness the launch of 5G video call which in future would completely change the technology landscape in Pakistan. He further said that only in past 2 years mobile phone users in Pakistan had reached to 81% and still this figure was increasingly rapidly. “While, broadband users have also reached 42% of the total population which mean we are rapidly moving towards digital revolution in Pakistan.” He congratulated Zong 4G for launching the 5G video call and admitted that, “they have state of the art technology and modern infrastructure which is imperative for such initiatives.

Syed Amin-ul-Haque said that 5G spectrum process in Pakistan was in last stage and soon we were going to auction the service which would earn us the huge revenue. After the launch of 5G technology, Pakistani people would connect to digital world effectively. He said, “At one side we are fast moving towards modern technology and on the other side we are fully committed to expanding network coverage in far-flung areas of Pakistan. People should know that, we are working relentlessly to provide the best possible network service all over the country.

Speaking on the occasion, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Zong 4G, Wang Hua said: “I am pleased that Zong 4G is taking the lead in experimental launch of 5G technology which would revolutionize the network transformation in the country. 5G technology is driving global growth as it introduces the fastest internet speed and best quality. This experimental 5G video call has connected Pakistan to modern and technological advanced world and it will create countless opportunities for the Pakistani users in future even beyond their expectation.

He said, “China Mobile Communications is fully supporting Zong 4G as it leads the world’s telecommunication networks with 188,000 5G base stations in 50 cities of China.

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